[Figure 1] shows a photograph of a coastal landform.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme. The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. (a)
2. Arch / Stack / Stump (1)
3. B1 for correctly identifying the landform
4. (b)
5. Idea of wave erosion / hydraulic action / abrasion / solution / corrosion (1)
6. Against a headland / cliff (1)
7. Weakness / crack / joint exploited / enlarged (1)
8. Leading to cave, then arch, then stack, then stump (allow max 2 stages for 1 mark, e.g. cave to arch) (1)
9. Max 3 marks
10. M1 for initial erosion process. A1 for location. A1 for sequence of development.
11. (c)
12. Hard engineering: Sea wall / gabions / rock armour / groynes / breakwater. (1 mark for identifying method)
13. e.g. Sea wall protects land behind it from erosion / flooding (1) but expensive to build/maintain / unattractive / reflects wave energy causing erosion elsewhere (1)
14. Soft engineering: Beach nourishment / managed retreat / dune regeneration. (1 mark for identifying method)
15. e.g. Beach nourishment makes beach wider / absorbs wave energy (1) but needs regular replenishment / expensive / sediment extraction can harm environment (1)
16. Discussion must include both a description of the method and an advantage/disadvantage relating to its effectiveness or impact.
17. Level 1: Basic statement about a management method (1-2 marks)
18. Level 2: Developed explanation of a management method, with some discussion of effectiveness/impact (3-4 marks)
19. (Max 4 marks)
20. M1 for method, A1 for description/explanation, A1 for advantage/disadvantage (repeated for second method or deeper discussion)