Read **Figure 1** and **Figure 2** before answering Question 16. **Figure 1: Changes in China’s GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)** **Figure 2: Percentage of population in rural areas, China (1990–2021)**

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme. The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. **(a)** Application 3
2. 3 marks for a detailed description that identifies the trend and specific data points:
3. - Clear upward trend / general increase (1)
4. - From approximately $900 in 2000 to approximately $12,700 in 2021 (1)
5. - Calculation of increase, e.g. increase of $11,800 or 1410% (1)
6. Or 1 mark for identifying the trend + 1 mark for each data reference (max 2)
7. **(b)** Application 3
8. 3 marks for a detailed description that identifies the trend and specific data points:
9. - Clear downward trend / general decrease (1)
10. - From approximately 74% in 1990 to approximately 36% in 2021 (1)
11. - Calculation of decrease, e.g. decrease of 38% (1)
12. Or 1 mark for identifying the trend + 1 mark for each data reference (max 2)
13. **(c)** Knowledge 2, Application 2, Analysis 2
14. Knowledge: 2 marks for identification of two relevant relationships or one detailed relationship, e.g. rural-urban migration/urbanisation driven by industrialisation (1), which leads to higher incomes (1)
15. Application: 2 marks for applying relevant concepts to the data, e.g. as GDP per capita increased, people moved from rural areas to urban areas (1), seeking better employment opportunities in manufacturing/services (1)
16. Analysis: 2 marks for explaining how these trends are linked, e.g. this structural change led to increased productivity and economic growth (1), which further stimulated rural-urban migration (1)