Answer one question from one section only. Section A: European option The Russian Revolution, 1894–1921 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A There have been mass shootings of tens of thousands of our comrades, plots have been discovered behind our army lines and Right-Socialist Revolutionaries and other counter- revolutionary scoundrels are openly implicated in these plots. There must emphatically be an end to these plots. At the same time, and despite constant talk about us using mass terror against the Right-Socialist Revolutionaries, White Guards and the bourgeoisie, this terror really does not exist. All Right-Socialist Revolutionaries who are known to local Soviets must be arrested immediately. Considerable numbers of hostages must be taken from the bourgeoisie and the White officers. Even at the smallest sign of resistance, mass shooting must be inflicted without hesitation. All measures must be taken to detect and arrest all persons who are hiding under assumed names and all who are implicated in White Guard activity must be shot without fail. From the Bolshevik 'Order for Red Terror', September 1918. Source B Red troops have liberated the entire Urals area from the Whites under Kolchak and have begun the liberation of Siberia. The workers and peasants are enthusiastically welcoming Soviet power, for it is sweeping away the Whites, the landowners and capitalist scum who ground down the people with taxes, humiliations, floggings and the restoration of Tsarist oppression. Although we rejoice at the liberation of the Urals and the entry of the Red troops into Siberia, we must not allow ourselves to be lulled into a false sense of security. The Whites are still far from being destroyed. The chief reason now that our Red Army successes are not swift and stable enough is the shortage of state stocks of grain. He who does not give his surplus of grain to the state is helping Kolchak, he is a betrayer of the workers and peasants and is responsible for the death and suffering of tens of thousands of workers and peasants in the Red Army. If the government granaries are empty, the army is powerless, and the victory of Kolchak and Denikin is inevitable. From an open letter written by Lenin to the workers and peasants, August 1919. Source C At no time was there enough popular support behind Kolchak for him, or the people supporting him, to have lasted one month if all Allied support had been removed. Kolchak was suspected, not without reason, of Tsarist leanings. Certainly, he was entirely opposed to democracy. From the first, his regime was distrusted and detested by all but the military clique who created it. Most worrying of all was the hostility of the common people. All the old vices of the Tsarist regime came back. Floggings and shootings once more became the basis of army organisation. The officers gambled, drank and stole military supplies while their own troops starved. The anti-democratic colour of the White leadership became clearer every day and their agricultural policy showed that the clock had been turned back to pre-revolutionary times. Meanwhile, a White Terror was inaugurated, far worse than anything perpetrated by the Reds. From a book written by General W S Graves, US Commander-in-Chief in Siberia, published 1920. Source D [Figure D] A Bolshevik poster published in 1920. The caption reads ‘Every Blow of the Hammer is a Blow Against the Enemy!'

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Feb/Mar 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. (a) Indicative content Similarities
2. (a) Both sources suggest the Whites lack popular support. Source B says that the 'workers and peasants are enthusiastically welcoming Soviet power for sweeping away' the Whites. Source C claims the Whites lacks the popular support to last even a month in their campaign in Siberia.
3. (a) Both sources agree on the poor behaviour of the White forces mentioning 'floggings and humiliations' in Source B and 'floggings, shootings' and allowing the men to starve in Source C.
4. (a) Both sources see the Whites as a force intent on reinstating features of the Tsarist regime. Source B states that the Whites are restoring 'Tsarist repression' and C mentions that agricultural policy is returning to 'pre-revolutionary times'.
5. (a) Differences
6. (a) The sources differ on the strength of the Whites and the possibility of their success. Source C suggests the Whites are close to collapse and only survive because of the foreign support. Source B suggests that the enemy 'is still far from being destroyed'.
7. (a) Explanation
8. (a) Broadly the sources agree. This could be viewed as unusual as Graves was on the same side as the Whites and determined to crush Bolshevism. His reliability as a witness could be challenged. By the time this work was published it was clear the Whites were going to lose the civil war. The Whites had been defeated in Siberia in November 1919 and Kolchak had lost control of his government.
9. (a) The differences between the sources may be explained by Lenin's purpose in Source B. Although the Whites were losing land to Red forces, Lenin is keen for the war effort to continue and threatens the workers that the Reds will lose to the Whites if they do not give up their grain to the Bolshevik state. He was unlikely to risk complacency at this time.
10. (a) Accept any other valid responses.
11. (b) Indicative content
12. (b) Source A is the Order for the Red Terror. This clearly supports the idea that the Bolsheviks used terror to strengthen their position. The source explains that this is necessary as they are being attacked by counter-revolutionaries and need to strike back.
13. (b) In Source B there is an implied threat in Lenin's words. Those who do not give up their grain are 'betrayers' and will be held responsible for the deaths of the workers and peasants in the Red Army. Such people might receive the same treatment as the 'resistance' in Source A.
14. (b) Source C challenges the view. It mentions White terror and how widely hated the White Army was. Although there is brief allusion to Red Terror this is not considered as significant. The people hate the Whites, their policies, and brutal behaviour. For Graves these are important reasons for Bolshevik success
15. (b) Source D challenges the view and refers to the policies of war communism which allowed the Bolsheviks to control industry and the output of ammunition. The source shows the shells destroying Kolchak. This suggests that control of industry and better supplies were a strong reason for Bolshevik success.
16. (b) Source B also challenges the view. It explains that the people of Siberia welcomed the Reds, suggesting that the behaviour of the Whites was partly responsible for Bolshevik victory.
17. (b) Evaluation
18. (b) Source A is a Bolshevik Order produced in the first year of the Civil War. It has a specific intention that likely impacts on its reliability. Cross references using knowledge of the Red Terror could be used to support / challenge the claims made.
19. (b) Source B is a letter from Lenin to the workers and peasants. He has a clear purpose which is to motivate the workers to support the Red Army. He downplays the possibilities of Red victory. The Bolsheviks were concerned to prevent kulaks from hoarding grain in the hope of getting better prices.
20. (b) Source C is written by a witness to events and leaders of the US forces which were supposedly fighting to support the Whites. However, his view of the Whites is negative. He sees that the Reds used terror, but not to the same extent as the Whites and this might make his testimony more reliable.
21. (b) Source D is a poster produced by the Bolsheviks and its weight as evidence could be evaluated through purpose or the use of contextual knowledge to explain the policies which were introduced as part of War Communism.
22. (b) Accept any other valid responses.