Answer one question from one section only. Section A: European option The Russian Revolution, 1894–1921 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A There have been mass shootings of tens of thousands of our comrades, plots have been discovered behind our army lines and Right-Socialist Revolutionaries and other counter- revolutionary scoundrels are openly implicated in these plots. There must emphatically be an end to these plots. At the same time, and despite constant talk about us using mass terror against the Right-Socialist Revolutionaries, White Guards and the bourgeoisie, this terror really does not exist. All Right-Socialist Revolutionaries who are known to local Soviets must be arrested immediately. Considerable numbers of hostages must be taken from the bourgeoisie and the White officers. Even at the smallest sign of resistance, mass shooting must be inflicted without hesitation. All measures must be taken to detect and arrest all persons who are hiding under assumed names and all who are implicated in White Guard activity must be shot without fail. From the Bolshevik 'Order for Red Terror', September 1918. Source B Red troops have liberated the entire Urals area from the Whites under Kolchak and have begun the liberation of Siberia. The workers and peasants are enthusiastically welcoming Soviet power, for it is sweeping away the Whites, the landowners and capitalist scum who ground down the people with taxes, humiliations, floggings and the restoration of Tsarist oppression. Although we rejoice at the liberation of the Urals and the entry of the Red troops into Siberia, we must not allow ourselves to be lulled into a false sense of security. The Whites are still far from being destroyed. The chief reason now that our Red Army successes are not swift and stable enough is the shortage of state stocks of grain. He who does not give his surplus of grain to the state is helping Kolchak, he is a betrayer of the workers and peasants and is responsible for the death and suffering of tens of thousands of workers and peasants in the Red Army. If the government granaries are empty, the army is powerless, and the victory of Kolchak and Denikin is inevitable. From an open letter written by Lenin to the workers and peasants, August 1919. Source C At no time was there enough popular support behind Kolchak for him, or the people supporting him, to have lasted one month if all Allied support had been removed. Kolchak was suspected, not without reason, of Tsarist leanings. Certainly, he was entirely opposed to democracy. From the first, his regime was distrusted and detested by all but the military clique who created it. Most worrying of all was the hostility of the common people. All the old vices of the Tsarist regime came back. Floggings and shootings once more became the basis of army organisation. The officers gambled, drank and stole military supplies while their own troops starved. The anti-democratic colour of the White leadership became clearer every day and their agricultural policy showed that the clock had been turned back to pre-revolutionary times. Meanwhile, a White Terror was inaugurated, far worse than anything perpetrated by the Reds. From a book written by General W S Graves, US Commander-in-Chief in Siberia, published 1920. Source D [Figure D] A Bolshevik poster published in 1920. The caption reads ‘Every Blow of the Hammer is a Blow Against the Enemy!'