Answer one question from one section only. Section C: International option China and Japan, 1912-45 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A The people are more and more living in fear, afraid in business, afraid for their personal safety, afraid to join the church, because of the Japanese government's harassment of Christians. The policy of Japan, despite all claims to the outside world of love for China, is that its economic and military power should extend throughout China. There is no probability Japan will give up Shandong Province after the war, and who will be able to force Japan to do it? From being a debtor nation before the war, it has now become a creditor nation, vastly increasing its merchant fleet, as well as its army and navy under the slogan of self-defence. Japan's wealth and power have increased and, with this, so has its colossal arrogance and pride. From a report by an American missionary in Shandong, China, December 1917. Source B At the coming peace conference, in joining the League of Nations, Japan must insist that economic imperialism and discriminatory treatment of Orientals by Caucasians be rejected from the start. I fear Britain and America, which have profited most from the war, will promptly unify the world under their economic dominance, and will rule the world. They will use the League of Nations and arms limitations to serve their purpose. In such a case, the need to ensure its survival would compel Japan, which is limited in territory, and poor in natural resources, to attempt to challenge the situation as Germany did. From a pamphlet written in 1918 by a Japanese delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. Source C The feeling against the United States has revived and become intensified since the news reached Japan that the question of the Shandong Province had come up for consideration at the Peace Conference. Proposals have been made which Japan interprets as contrary to its interests and insulting to its dignity. The possibility of Great Britain and the United States working together is viewed in Japan with dismay. This is partly because this would threaten both the ambitious dreams of a Japanese dominance of Asia, which are cherished by the extremists, and the less absurd schemes of practical men for the exclusive exploitation of China. It is also because all Japanese see this union of the two great Anglo-Saxon nations as a menace of the gravest kind to the civilisation and culture of the Far East. From a British Foreign Office memorandum, 1919. Source D Japan is very willing indeed to agree to limitation of armaments. Japan has no aggressive intentions whatever and, although there may still be militarists in this country, the Japanese recognise that militarism is impossible. At the same time, it must obtain from the Powers recognition of its special rights in Manchuria and Siberia. This is not aggression in the least, but simply a condition of Japan's national existence. We must find a dumping ground for our surplus population and have access to other sources for the raw materials with which we are inadequately supplied. These are conditions necessary to ensure our national existence, and to demand special rights in the areas close to our borders is only right and proper. Japan's special duty at this stage is to get foreign powers to fully grasp the fact that it has no aggressive intentions. From a speech by a member of the Japanese Parliament to the Washington Naval Conference, November 1921.