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A-LevelHistoryEuropean History: 1848–1914 (German Unification)Feb/Mar 2025Paper 1 Q140 Marks

Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A His Majesty observed that the threatening attitude of Prussia raises the question of whether Austria should make warlike preparations. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. His Majesty concluded that he should leave warlike preparations aside for the time being and continue to seek to maintain the honour and dignity of the country by diplomatic means. From an account of a meeting between the Austrian Emperor and senior government officials, February 1866. Source B As a political question, the probability or inevitability of war against Austria lies outside the scope of my judgement. Success or failure in this war depends on our reaching a decision about it sooner than the Austrians, and, if possible, right now. For Prussia, everything depends on defeating Austria, and to this end we have to bring together all our forces. One advantage for us, which cannot be overstated, is that we can advance our army on five railroad lines and thereby have it concentrated on the Saxon-Bohemian border within 25 days. Austria has just one railway leading toward Bohemia. Assuming that its cavalry is already on the march, it requires 45 days to assemble 200000 men. If Bavaria joins Austria, the Regensburg-Pilsen-Prague railway line will be disadvantageous for us since it shortens the time Austria needs to be ready by about 15 days. If the mobilisation of the Prussian army is ordered right now, then Bavaria, so ill-prepared in terms of arms and mobilisation, will probably not be ready until after the first battle between Austria and Prussia has been fought. From a memorandum by Moltke, Chief of the Prussian General Staff, April 1866. Source C [Figure X.X] A cartoon published in the 'Austrian Empire', 19 May 1866. The title was: 'What would these two give to have eyes in their backs?' 'Valka' means 'war', and the rocks represent the united forces of Austria. The first boat represents Prussia, loaded with Schleswig-Holstein; the second represents Italy, loaded with Venice. Source D So we make progress in the Holstein affair! Mistrust towards Austria will disappear, right-thinking people will attain a majority in the Confederation and German governments will be strengthened in their opposition to Prussia. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Then we should have peace and a parliament, which means Austria's exclusion from Germany. War, we need war, only war. An extract of a message from the Austrian envoy in Munich to the Austrian Foreign Minister, 29 May 1866. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources.

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About This A-Level History Question

This structured question appeared in the Cambridge A-Level History (9489) Feb/Mar 2025 examination, Paper 1 Variant 2. It tests the topic of European History: 1848–1914 (German Unification) and is worth 40 marks.

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