Section A: European Option Liberalism and nationalism in Germany, 1815-71 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A The student is a child, and the Burschenschaft* an impractical puppet show. I am not surprised that this student nonsense is on the decline or has turned to other things than politics. Indeed, there can hardly be a more ill-suited conspirator than a professor, either alone or as part of a group. The notion that revolution might be incited at the universities is something I have never feared, but I am certain that an entire generation of revolutionaries would develop there if no limits were placed on the universities. Perhaps the governments' disciplinary measures will contribute less fully toward this end than the fatigue of the students, the silliness of the professors, and the different direction that studies will take. The greatest, and therefore most urgent, problem today is the press. I am very pleased to tell you about the corresponding disciplinary measures that I am thinking of proposing at Carlsbad. These measures must begin without delay. From a letter by Austrian Foreign Minister Metternich to his secretary in June 1819. *The Burschenschaft was a Nationalist student club. Source B [Figure 1.1] A cartoon called ‘The Thinkers' Club', published throughout the German Confederation in September 1819. The caption reads 'The most important question of today's meeting: how long will thinking be allowed to us?' Source C The country where our hope resides, this beautiful land, is being ravaged and plundered, gagged and disgraced. Rich in resources, it should be the home of joy and contentment for all its people. Yet its blood is being sucked by thirty-four kings! It is the home of hunger, misery and poverty for most of its residents. Germany should be the guardian of liberty and international order in Europe, but German energy is being used for the very opposite purpose by suppressing liberty and founding an eternal empire of darkness. The dukes of Austria and the electors of Brandenburg have seized the greater part of Germany for themselves. The Emperor of Austria and King of Prussia use their powers to suppress freedom and popular sovereignty. They also use their dominance over the smaller countries of Germany to make those countries serve the system of princely autocracy and despotic force. From a speech by journalist Johann Wirth at the Hambach festival, May 1832. Source D I was sent for this morning by Prince Metternich whom I found in a state of much agitation. Metternich said the proceedings at Hambach had made the issue very clear. The question now was whether the sovereigns of Germany would give up their thrones without a struggle, or whether their authority would be reasserted by force. I had been warned that Austria and Prussia had agreed to employ their military forces for the suppression of revolt in Germany, a decision from which they have held back until now. It is obvious that this may be the start of more serious events to come. Metternich thinks that the mass of the people and the higher ranks of the bourgeoisie are still attached to monarchical government and are enemies to revolutionary ideas. However, he thinks the press, the professors, the students and the workers are actively promoting revolution. A report of Metternich's response to the Hambach festival by a British diplomat, June 1832. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources.