(a) A sample contains three different types of atom: 48Ar, 49K and Ca. (i) State fully, in terms of the numbers of subatomic particles, what these three atoms have in common. [1] (ii) State fully, in terms of the numbers of all subatomic particles, how these three atoms differ from each other. [1] (b) A sample of sulfur contains only two isotopes, 32S and 34S. The relative atomic mass of this sample is 32.09. isotope isotopic mass 32S 32.0 34S 34.0 Calculate the percentage abundance of the isotopes present in this sample. % abundance 32S = % abundance 34S = [3] (c) The electronic configuration of a sulfur atom is 1s22s22p63s²3p4. (i) Identify which orbital in a sulfur atom has the lowest energy. [1] (ii) Sketch the shape of a p orbital. [1] (iii) During the process of ionisation a sulfur atom loses an electron. S(g) → S+(g) + e¯ ΔΗ = 1000 kJ mol-1 Identify the orbital from which this electron is removed. Explain your answer. orbital explanation [2] (d) (i) Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of electrons within the third shell of a phosphorus atom. 3s 3p [1] (ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than that of phosphorus. [2] [Total: 12]