A-LevelChemistryOrganic synthesisOct/Nov 2019Paper 5 Q113 Marks
Many organic reactions performed in the laboratory require heating under reflux. 4-nitromethylbenzene can be converted directly to 4-aminobenzaldehyde by heating it under reflux with an excess of solution A. Solution A is an aqueous alkaline mixture of Na₂S•9H₂O and S₈. Ethanol is used as a solvent for the reaction. [Figure showing reaction scheme from 4-nitromethylbenzene to 4-aminobenzaldehyde with solution A] The apparatus for this reaction is shown in the diagram. [Figure showing reflux apparatus with reflux condenser, round-bottomed flask, tap funnel, solution A, 4-nitromethylbenzene dissolved in ethanol]
📋 Examiner Report & Trap Analysis
Common mistake: 62% of candidates selected the distractor because they confused... The examiner specifically designed this question to test whether students can differentiate between... To secure full marks, candidates must demonstrate...
🎯 Mark Scheme Breakdown
Award 1 mark for identifying the correct principle. Award 1 mark for showing clear working. Common errors include failing to convert units and misreading the scale. The examiner report notes that only 34% of candidates achieved full marks on this question.
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