Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of naturally occurring enzymes and processes. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) include crop plants. Genetically modified (GM) crop plants have been grown in North America in increasing quantities since 1996. They are now grown in many areas of the world and are eaten by millions of people and farm animals. Table 4.1 compares the area of land used to grow GM crop plants on six continents in 2013. [Table 4.1]

1. (a)List the enzymes used in genetic engineering (genetic modification) and outline their roles in natural processes.[5]
2. (b)(i)Suggest how North America and South America benefit from growing large areas of GM crop plants rather than non-GM crop plants.[3]
3. (b)(ii)Only a small area of land is used to grow GM crop plants in Europe. This is mainly because most of Europe uses a 'precautionary principle'. The precautionary principle prevents GM crop plants being grown if there is a possible risk of harm to human health or to the environment, even if there is no proof of harm. Many European citizens have concerns about the safety of eating GM food, but Europe imports large quantities of GM maize and GM soybean to feed farm animals. Use this information and Table 4.1 to deduce two arguments in favour of growing more GM crop plants in Europe. 1 2[2]
4. (b)(iii)Explain why the data in Table 4.1 are not enough to calculate the extent to which different continents have replaced traditional crop plants with GM versions.[2]